Muslim Scientists and Islamic Civilization This is a partial list of some of the leading Muslims. Major Muslim contributions continued beyond the fifteenth century. Contributions of more than one hundred other major Muslim personalities can be found in several famous publications by Western historians. Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) Al-Asmai Al-Khwarizmi (Algorizm) 'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Alkindus) Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit) 'Abbas Ibn Firnas Ali Ibn Rabban Al-Tabari Al-Battani (Albategnius) Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) Al-Razi (Rhazes) Al-Farabi (Al-Pharabius) Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di Al-Sufi (Azophi) Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis) Muhammad Al-Buzjani Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) Abu Raihan Al-Biruni Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) Omar Al-Khayyam Al-Ghazali (Algazel) Chemistry (Father of Chemistry) Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry. Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography. (Algorithm, Algebra, calculus) Zoology, Arabic Grammar, Rhetoric, Lexicography Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Metallurgy. Astronomy, Mechanics, Geometry, Anatomy. Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals. Medicine, Mathematics, Caligraphy, Literature. Astronomy, mathematics, Trigonometry. Astronomy, Civil Engineering. Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political Science, Music. Geography, History. Astronomy Surgery, Medicine. (Father of Modern Surgery) Mathematics, Astronomy, Geometry, Trigonometry. Physics, Optics, Mathematics. Political Science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics. Astronomy, Mathematics. (Determined Earth's Circumference) Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy. Astronomy (Invented Astrolabe). Mathematics, Poetry. Sociology, Theology, Philosophy. Died 803 C.E. 740 - 828 770 - 840 776 - 868 800 - 873 836 - 901 Died 888 838 - 870 858 - 929 C. 860 864 - 930 870 - 950 Died 957 903 - 986 936 - 1013 940 - 997 965 - 1040 972 - 1058 973-1048 981 - 1037 1028 - 1087 1044 - 1123 1058 - 1111 Page 1 Muslim Scientists and Islamic Civilization Fall of Muslim Toledo (1085), Corsica and Malta (1090), Provence (1050), Sicily (1091) and Jerusalem (1099). Several Crusades. First wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred years. Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya (Ibn Bajjah) Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) Al-Idrisi (Dreses) Ibn Tufayl, Abdubacer Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry, Music. Surgery, Medicine. Geography (World Map, First Globe). Philosophy, Medicine, Poetry. Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology. Astronomy 1106 - 1138 1091 - 1161 1099 - 1166 1110 - 1185 1128 - 1198 Died 1204 Second wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure over a period of one hundred and twelve years. Crusader invasions (1217-1291) and Mongol invasions (1219-1329). Crusaders active throughout the Mediterranean from Jerusalem and west to Muslim Spain. Fall of Muslim Cordoba (1236), Valencia (1238) and Seville (1248). Mongols devastation from the eastern most Muslim frontier, Central and Western Asia, India, Persia to Arab heartland. Fall of Baghdad (1258) and the end of Abbasid Caliphate. Two million Muslims massacred in Baghdad. Major scientific institutions, laboratories, and infrastructure destroyed in leading Muslim centers of civilization. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts III, IV." Ibn Al-Baitar Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi Jalal Al-Din Rumi Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui Al-Fida (Abdulfeda) Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (Ibn Battuta) Ibn Khaldun Ulugh Beg Pharmacy, Botany Astronomy, Non-Euclidean Geometry. Sociology Anatomy Astronomy, Geography, Histrory. World Traveler. 75,000 mile voyage from Morocco to China and back. Sociology, Philosophy of History, Political Science. Astronomy Died 1248 1201 - 1274 1207 - 1273 1213 - 1288 1273 - 1331 1304 - 1369 1332 - 1395 1393 - 1449 Third wave of devastation of Muslim resources, lives, properties, institutions, and infrastructure. End of Muslim rule in Spain (1492). More than one million volumes of Muslim works on science, arts, philosophy and culture was burnt in the public square of Vivarrambla in Granada. Colonization began in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Refer to "A Chronology of Muslim History Parts IV, V (e.g., 1455, 1494, 1500, 1510, 1524, and 1538)" Two hundred years before a comparable development elsewhere, Turkish scientist Hazarfen Ahmet Celebi took off from Galata tower and flew over the Bosphorus. Logari Hasan Celebi, another member of the Celebi family, sent the first manned rocket, using 150 okka (about 300 pounds) of gunpowder as the firing fuel. Tipu, Sultan of Mysore [1783-1799] in the south of India, was the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of his rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatana, are displayed in the Woolwich Museum Artillery in London. The rocket motor casing was made of steel with multiple nozzles. The rocket, 50mm in diameter and 250mm long, had a range performance of 900 meters to 1.5 km. The dates in the table are converted from the Islamic calendar (A.H.) which begins with Hejira, the migration of Prophet Muhammad (s) from Makkah to Medinah. The calendar is based on lunar monthly cycles. 1 A.H. = 622 C.E. Page 2